Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essayEssay Writing Service

Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essayEssay Writing Service Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essay Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essayTranslation equivalence is an important concept of translation theory. It is one of the main principles of Western theory of translation. Finding translation equivalents is one of the core problems of the translation process. As Catford states, the central problem of translation-practice is that of finding TL equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence. (Catford, 1965, p. 21). Starting from the middle of the twentieth century a lot of prominent theorists who work in the field of translation theory include the concept of equivalence in their theorizing and research. The concept of equivalence was used to distinguish the difference between free and literal translation. Roman Jacobson became the first who used this term in his work published in 1959. Later a lot of specialists used this term in their works and made a lot of attempts to distinguish t he concept of equivalence. Such prominent specialists as Vinay and Darbelet Jakobson, Nida, Catford, House and Baker used the concept of equivalence in their studies. All of them regarded this concept in relation to the translation theory. Translation is a complex process which can be regarded from several perspectives. Some specialists view translation as a merely linguistic process where notions from one language are translation into another one. This group of specialists regards equivalence as literal translating each word and notion. At the same time other specialists state that cultural context is very important for the translation because only the use of the context can help to pass real meaning of the text. In their opinion, equivalence in translation should deal with passing the meaning of the text. These scholars present semantic or functional approach to translation. The third group of specialists take   middle position and state that equivalence is used for the convenie nce of translators. Bakers who shares this approach states that equivalence is used â€Å"for the sake of convenience- because most translators are used to it rather than because it has any theoretical status† (Kenny, 1998, p.77).  Despite different attitudes to the concept of equivalence, most of the specialists pay much attention to its meaning in the theory of translation. Importance of Equivalence in Translation Theory:It is important to understand the meaning of the term equivalence.   In English language it may be used as a technical term, which describes scientific notions. For example, term equivalence is used in mathematics, At the same time term equality may be used in common sense   in everyday language. In the theory of translation the term equivalence is used in its general meaning because it is hard to find absolutely identical words and notions in different languages. Different languages have different phonetic, grammar, syntax and vocabulary structures. That is why we can speak only about certain degree of equivalence when we make translation. So, in our case we use term equivalence in the meaning of similarity or approximation and it shows the level of likeness between the source and the target text. This likeness may be achieved on different levels.Translation is a form of communication and that is the reason it is so important to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text. Nida defines translation as reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida, 1982, p. 12). It is evident that equivalence is one of basic concepts of translation which can not be neglected.The View of Different Specialists of Equivalence in Translation:Roman Jacobson made a valuable contribution to the development of translation theory. He introduced the concept of   â€Å"equivalence in difference† which had an im portant meaning for the further development of the translation theory. Roman Jacobson distinguished three kinds of translation, which included: intralingual (dealing with one language) interlingual (dealing with two languages)-intersemiotic (dealing with sign systems).According to Jacobson, translator searches for synonyms when making intralingual translation in order to pass the message. This means that intralingual translation does not imply full equivalence between language units. According to Jakobson: â€Å"translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes† (Jakobson, 1959, p. 233). This means that the task of translator becomes to reach equality in messages despite different grammatical, lexical and semantic structures of ST and TT. Despite difference in grammar and lexical structures translation becomes possible through finding necessary equivalents. As he states: â€Å"whenever there is deficiency, terminology may be qualified and amplified by loanw ords or loan-translations, neologisms or semantic shifts, and finally, by circumlocutions† (ibid. p.234). Jakobson uses different examples to illustrate his concept. He compares different language structures from English and Russian languages and illustrates cases where it is not possible to find a literal equivalent to the ST unite. In these cases translator should choose the most suitable way to translate the text trying to reach the most possible equivalence.Same as Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson states that linguistic approach does not suit for the need of the translation theory. He stresses on the limitations of linguistic theory and point out different methods which help to make the equivalence in translation the same. Jakobson counts on semiotic approach where translator should extract the message from the source language and then choose the most appropriate means to pass it to the target language.Later scholars continued the study of translation theory and developed the ir own understanding of equivalence. Nida and Tiber distinguished two types of equivalence – formal equivalence (correspondence ) and dynamic equivalence.   Dynamic equivalence is based on the equivalent effect, while formal equivalence is focused on the message itself. As they state â€Å"Typically, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard† (Nida and Taber, 1982, p. 201).  Despite the detailed study of both types of equivalence, Nida gives preference to the dynamic equivalence, because it gives more opportunities for the translators and proves to be more effective during the translation procedure. Nida showed other specialists the way and let them distance from the word-to-word translation and make a translation process more dynamic and more reader-oriented.Catford is another scholar who dedicated much effort t o the study of translation theory. His concept of translation equivalence differs from the concept presented by Nida and Taber. Catford’s approach is based on the linguistic approach. Catford expanded translation theory and added new criteria, such as the extent of translation, the grammatical rank and the levels of language involved in the translation. According to Catford, grammatical rank establishes translation equivalence.  Catford’s theory of translation was criticized by many scholars. Snell-Hornby became one of the most active critics of Catford’s ideas. She called equivalence in translation to be an illusion and didn’t believe that translation could be regarded as a merely linguistic process. The notion of equivalence was changed and developed with the flow of time. Baker’s ideas gave new vision of the problem. She explores the notion of equivalence on different levels and applies it to the translation process. She combines linguistic an d communicative approaches in order to make translation process more effective. Baker distinguishes equivalence at the level of the word, at the   grammatical level, and at the level of the text . Pragmatic equivalence deals with the purpose of communication and also makes an important contribution to the translation process. All these levels are important for the translator and should be taken into consideration during the translation process because only their combination can result in the qualified translation.Peter Newmark   is another specialist whose ideas had   great impact on the development of translation theory. He steps away from Nida’s ideas of recipient-oriented translation and changes the vision of equivalence in translation. Newmark   develops ideas of communicative and semantic translation in contrast to literal translation.   Not leaving ideas of equivalence and literal translation, Newmark gives preference to semantic and communicative translation. According to Newmark,   translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. (Newmark, 1988,   p. 5). His views had great influence on many other specialists who studied his works and used his approach.Equivalence in Translation: Pros and Contras:Translation is a complex phenomenon which is hard to define. It helps to pass the meaning and form from one language to another and very often equivalence becomes that measure which helps to define the success of this process. A lot of specialists stress on the important role of the equivalence for the translation. Marry Snell-Hornby even states that different definitions of translation process may be regarded as different variants of equivalence description. It is hard to overestimate the role of equivalence in translation. Translation is a bridge which helps to link people who do not understand each other. Translation enables communication between people.   This way equi valence becomes the measure of success of translation process. The more equivalent the source and the target text are, the better communication goals will be achieved.Many scholars and researchers stress on the important role of equivalence in the translation process. At the same time some specialists stress that desire to achieve maximum equivalence may create certain limitations and restrictions. Thus, equivalence may result in extreme concentration on form and structure and thus may cause the loss of sense and message of the text. Specialists who share this opinion center rather on the message of the text and do everything possible to pass it to the recipient even if it may cause the reduction to equivalence level. Equivalence is often used by the specialists who count on linguistic approach to the process of translation. These specialists try to achieve maximum linguistic, grammar and structural equivalence. Their opponents center on the sense and meaning rather than on the form and, thus, do not give too important role to the equivalence or value the equivalence in meaning rather than in its form.ConclusionsEquivalence is a complex term which describes phenomena from different spheres of human knowledge. In the field of translation it first appeared in the middle of the last century and since then has become an important indicator of the translation process. Most translation theorists and researchers pay attention to the equivalence in translation, despite the fact that their opinions on this phenomenon may differ. Some specialists believe that the equivalence may be regarded as a synonym of the translation process, others believe that the equivalence should not cause the loss of main message of the text. Despite different approaches, the equivalence is an important notion in the translation process and it helps to approach the meaning and value of the translation process in general.

Effective Strategies to Maximize Student Learning Time

Effective Strategies to Maximize Student Learning Time Time is a precious commodity for teachers. Most teachers would argue that they never have enough time to reach every student, particularly the ones that are below grade level. Therefore, every second a teacher has with their students should be a meaningful and productive second.   Successful teachers establish procedures and expectations that minimize wasteful downtime and maximize engaging learning opportunities. Wasted time does add up. A teacher who loses as little as five minutes of instructional minutes per day due to inefficiencies wastes fifteen hours of opportunity over the course of a 180-day school year. That extra time would likely make a significant difference for every student, but particularly those who are struggling learners. Teachers can utilize the following strategies to maximize student learning time and minimize downtime. Better Planning and Preparation Effective planning and preparation are essential in maximizing student learning time. Too many teachers under-plan and find themselves with nothing to do for the last few minutes of class. Teachers should get in the habit of over-planning- too much is always better than not enough. In addition, teachers should always have their materials laid out and ready to go before students arrive. Another important- and often overlooked- component of planning and preparation is practice.  Many teachers skip this essential element, but they shouldnt. Independent practice of lessons and activities allows teachers to work out the kinks beforehand, ensuring that minimum instructional time will be lost. Buffer the Distractions Distractions run rampant during school hours. An announcement comes over the loudspeaker, an unexpected guest knocks on the classroom door, an argument breaks out between students during class time. There is no way to eliminate every single distraction, but some are more easily controlled than others. Teachers can evaluate distractions by keeping a journal over the course of a two-week period. At the end of this period, teachers can better determine which distractions can be limited and formulate a plan to minimize them. Create Efficient Procedures Classroom procedures are an essential part of the learning environment. Those teachers who operate their classroom like a well-oiled machine maximize student learning time. Teachers should develop efficient procedures for every aspect of the classroom. This includes routine activities such as sharpening pencils, turning in assignments, or getting into groups.   Eliminate â€Å"Free Time† Most teachers give â€Å"free time† at some point during the school day. It is easy to do when we may not be feeling the best or we under-plan. But we know when we give it, we are not taking advantage of the precious time that we have with our students. Our students love â€Å"free time†, but it is not what is best for them. As teachers, our mission is to educate. â€Å"Free time† runs directly counter to that mission. Ensure Quick Transitions Transitions occur every time you switch from one component of a lesson or activity into another. Transitions when poorly executed can slow a lesson down tremendously. When done right, they are practiced procedures that are quick and seamless. Transitions are a major opportunity for teachers to gain back some of that valuable time. Transitions may also include changing from one class to another. In this case, students must be taught to bring the correct materials to class, use the bathroom or get a drink, and be in their seats ready to learn when the next class period starts. Give Clear and Concise Directions A major component in teaching is providing your students with clear and concise directions. In other words, directions should be easy to understand and as simple and straightforward as possible. Poor or confusing directions can stymie a lesson and quickly turn the learning environment into total chaos. This takes away valuable instruction time and disrupts the learning process. Good directions are given in multiple formats (i.e. verbal and written). Many teachers select a handful of students to summarize the directions before turning them lose to get started on the activity. Have a Backup Plan No amount of planning can account for everything that could go wrong in a lesson. This makes having a backup plan critical. As a teacher, you make adjustments to lessons on the fly all the time. Occasionally, there will be situations where more than a simple adjustment is needed. Having a backup plan ready can ensure that learning time for that class period will not be lost. In an ideal world, everything will always go according to plan, but the classroom environment is often far from ideal. Teachers should develop a set of backup plans to fall back on should things fall apart at any point. Maintain Control of the Classroom Environment Many teachers lose valuable instructional time because they have poor classroom management skills. The teacher has failed to gain control of the classroom environment and establish a relationship of mutual trust and respect with their students. These teachers are continuously having to redirect students and often spend more time correcting students than teaching them. This is perhaps the most limiting factor in maximizing learning time. Teachers must develop and maintain effective classroom management skills where learning is valued, the teacher is respected, and expectations and procedures are set and met beginning on day one. Practice Procedural Steps With Students Even the best intentions fall by the wayside if students do not truly understand what is being asked of them. This problem can be easily taken care of with a little practice and repetition. Veteran teachers will tell you that the tone for the year is often set within the first few days. This is the time to practice your expected procedures and expectations over and over. Teachers who take the time within the first few days to drill these procedures will save valuable instructional time as they move throughout the year. Stay on Task It is easy for teachers to get distracted and veer off topic from time to time. There are some students who, frankly, are masters at making this happen. They are able to engage a teacher in a conversation about a personal interest or tell a funny story that captivates the classes attention but keeps them from completing the lessons and activities scheduled for the day. To maximize student learning time, teachers must maintain control of the pace and flow of the environment. While no teacher wants to miss out on a teachable moment, you dont want to chase rabbits either.

INTELLIGENCE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

INTELLIGENCE - Essay Example However, the legislations pending offers CIA director with ways of prohibiting its Inspector General from handling the matters when reviewing poses a threat in the security of the nation and that is a risky loophole. Other bills that were recently introduced also have useful provisions. A single bill required that the committees of intelligence be provided prior notice for covert actionsi. It highlighted that in certain specific cases where time is important and the head of state determines the actions is crucial to the interest of national security of the US, the president may spearhead a covert operation with no notice. But when in those scenarios the president need to notify the panel within 48 hours, and the bill will prohibit the funds expenditure when actions are necessary but needed that record be made and that the outcomes be confined to the writing within 2 days. Additionally, the prohibited finding to incorporate requests from the US 1 Government to other nations or private members to carry out the covert action on behalf of the nation. Consequently, the expanded current reporting needs regarding the transfer of covert to include the transfer reporting within one financial year of the collection of items worth a million dollars or more. The provisions do not incorporate other attempts in legislating the fidelity or iigood judgment to the law. Rather, they are confined in practical consideration. Meaning they are important to making the proper foreign policy and the efficient functioning of the nation. A conventional theory of the rules and guidelines is that the policies formed through the democratic process and consultations are normally better than those developed through other mechanisms. The analysis is based in the balancing questioniii. The nation needs to balance the implication that may arise from disclosing the secret against and

Case study Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case study - Research Paper Example Different from other organizations, medical institutions depend greatly on supplies to carry out their daily operations. According to Toba, Tomasini & Farhan (2008) health care institution cannot exist without supply management systems. Regardless of this compulsory requirement, medical institutions are very backdated in terms of having improved supply management systems. Different from modern day organizations, healthcare organizations lag behind in updating their supply chain management systems. This can be attributed to the fact that world health bodies frequently update the global stock in medical supplies depending on the emerging trends (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). Hospitals rely on these changes in ordering of medical supplies. However, the quality of the supplies does not create the main problem in supply chain management, but the activities applied in the supply chain management. The difference in the strategies used in supply chain management creates the difference in t he cost and efficiency of the process (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). What was the impact if any of the implementation of the proposed solution on this issue? Disregard of the process of supply chain management creates the main challenge in making the process efficient and quality. To overcome these challenges Toba, Tomasini & Farhan (2008) suggest that managers should update their technological position and emerging trends in supply chain management. This will create an organization with a lot of sensitivity in terms of coming up with effective logistics procedures. Additionally, this will open up opportunities for the organization to refer to supply chain management bodies and programs that will aid in transforming the state of supply management systems in organizations. Other significant challenges in supply chain management in healthcare institutions include outdated IT systems, lack of executive involvement, poor infrastructure, poor distribution and inventory management and n on improvement of the procurement process (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). In overcoming challenges in decision making processes regarding purchasing decisions, Toba, Tomasini & Farhan (2008) advise that institutions should disregard the majority rule. This mode of making decisions should be replaced by the consensus method which minimizes the occurrence of misunderstandings and opposition. This also increases the compliance rate from physicians. How do efficiencies in supply chain management and effective use of sourcing and technology reduce hospital costs? What are the alternative solutions to this question? In 2004, total healthcare spending per person in the United States was $6280. This is representation of 16% of the US gross domestic product (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). In regard of the total expenses of the United States government this is a big value that can be cut down by simple arithmetic of reducing the expense incurred by medical institutions. Analysts have argued that this inflation in the cost of provision of healthcare of healthcare is greatly attributed to the mishandling of medical service sin institutions. For instance, many analysts have pointed out the fact hospitals disregard the need to upgrade their supply management systems has made funding of medical services expensive (Toba, Tomasini & Farhan, 2008). They further argue that this is inevitable since healthcare instit

Cultural Literacy According To E.d. Hirsch :: Education Literacy Educational Essays

According to E.D. Hirsch, to be culturally literate is to possess the basic information to thrive in the modern world. It is the "grasp on the background information that writers and speakers assume their audience already has." In his book, Cultural Literacy: What Every American Needs to Know, Hirsch sets forth 5,000 essential words and phrases of which each person should be knowledgeable. The list ranges from idioms to mythology, from science to fairy tales. Why has this list prompted a notable debate on our country's educational standards? E.D. Hirsch believes that the literacy of American people has been rapidly declining. The long range remedy for restoring and improving American literacy must be to "institute a policy of imparting common information in our schools." In short, according to Hirsch - the answer to our problem lies within the list. Hirsch's book explains the importance of the need of a higher level of national literacy. His main argument is that cultural literacy is required for effective communication and the "cooperation of many people..." Communication is what Hirsch sees is essential for success in today's society. Communication is the key to equality in America. With increased cultural literacy, an egalitarian society is eventually possible. One common body of knowledge for everyone will be the glue that holds society together. Hirsch also points out the senselessness of concepts such as multi-culturalism and multi-lingualism. He acknowledges the importance of the numerous cultures and ethnicities of which United States is comprised. Hirsch mentions the "hyphenated American: the Italo-American, the Polish-American, the Afro- American, the Asian-American and so forth." He points out that he is in favor of each minority's protection, nurture, and respect; however, he strongly feels that people need to decide what "Å’American' means on the other side of the hyphen...what national values and traditions really belong to national cultural literacy." American cultural literacy should be based on our traditions -- morality of tolerance and benevolence, the Golden Rule, communal cooperation, altruism and freedom. It is in this way that Hirsch argues those in opposition of cultural literacy. Many opponents question Hirsch's view by questioning who would decide this common body of knowledge for everyone. People debate what is includedin "the list" on the basis of multiculturism. They ask, is the knowledge equally important to every citizen of the United States no matter what race, gender or religion? Hirsch responds by putting the emphasis on the other side of the hyphen - the American side. When reading Hirsch's book, I strongly agreed with his big picture of cultural literacy and agree that it is important to establish a common body of knowledge

English Writtentask

Candidate Session Number: Session: May 2014 Written Task Assignment Writing diary entries from Blanches point of view about her emotions toward Stanley: A streetcar named desire Rationale In part 4 of our English course, we study and analyze famous literature works such as Shakespeare â€Å"Othello† and Tennessee Williwaw's â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†. For this written task, we have to choose an Imaginative way of exploring an apse's of the material we have studied. In other words, it is a creative assignment regarding an aspect or theme of either â€Å"Othello† or â€Å"A Streetcar Named Desire†.I have chosen to explore the character of Balance by writing diary entries In which Balance begins to be delusional due to Stanley actions towards her and how this makes her feel towards Stanley. Looking at both characters, we can see that both of them are opposites of each other. Balance, coming from a wealthy family and also from the south, has a higher stat us and therefore expects men to treat women with respect because this is what she experienced during most of her life. On the other hand, Stanley, coming from new Orleans, but representing the new American, shows obvious difference In character from Balance.Stanley Is portrayed as a brute, having power over both female and a sense, male characters too. By writing diary entries from Blanches point of view, we are able to see the difference between the cultures from south and the new America ,the difference of social status affecting how Balance treats Stanley. Dear diary, 1 OFF taken the wrong streetcar! Oh how can this be where my dear sister, Stella, lives? After being brought up by the wealth of our great family, I had great expectations in my head!After the loss of belle reeve – the struggling, all those deaths – I had to endure – it has made me as weak as the crumbling walls of an old house. What do I have to do to deserve a trip to paradise? If life hasn't given me enough troubles a sane human being can handle, here comes my lovely brother-in-law, Mr. Stanley Kowalski. Oh what an, interesting man he is, asking me questions about my past that I tried so hard to lock up, and stow away, And what nerve! Snatching my love letters from my young husband, my sweet,sweet boy, he is definitely an inquirer.I can see, o, that he's of the more primitive side of nature, the way he walks and talks, not like the gentlemen who used to call for me for hours and hours till I replied them. If one Stanley Kowalski wasn't enough, what about four of them? I've never expected the gathering of the apes, nor have I seen that many in one place! Oh Stanley Kowalski, the alpha male, saying that I could not kibitz-who does he think he is, the king of the house? And the way he treats Stella,my dear sister, embarrassing her inferno of his friends. His true colors shine through and no man, no man in the world treats a woman this way.Oh What did she ever do to that be ast, what makes her deserve such a life? And what does a girl need to do to enjoy herself around here? Can't Stella and I enjoy a little conversation between ourselves without having Stanley blowing his top off? Oh, the destruction that trails after Stanley, almost like a shadow. What a monster! He attacked my baby sister, how ruthless can he be? Kindness†¦ Please find your way to me†¦ Please find your way to Stella as she most certainly needs it. Dear diary: I cannot believe Stella! After what Stanley had done to her, she's still with that monster.She told me about their romantic times together and how thrilling it is to have him smash their lightships with the heel of her slipper. Am I the only one who sees that she's in danger? Or that her head is way too far into the clouds to see what an animal Stately is. She's a damsel in distress, and I have to save her. To save her from the beast. Like a circulating rumor spreading ever so quickly through the high school corridors , my disgust for Stanley certainty escalates at that speed. Even after that big speech I gave Stella, after telling how awful and, Oh so common Stanley really is, she still effuses to listen.What she's feeling is Just brutal desire – Just desire! – that old tin can which rattles through up and down the street! And my, it's been a long time since I empty hole, lingering in my heart. Mitch missed my birthday today†¦ Something must be terribly wrong for he did not sneer my calls. I'm afraid that the truth would come out any moment, and that Stanley will spill the beards, ruining our relationship†¦. Mitch knows, Stanley must've told him. Oh, he must have told Mitch something about me! How can I face Mitch, face everyone? My image now tainted by the colors of shame.I can't let them know my past for I have been hiding it for so long. No, I can't let get out, not right now†¦ He must have been to Laurel-to the Flamingo! Oh what have I done to deserve this? After all I have suffered for Belle reeve, all I have sacrificed to fill my lonely soul, I deserve to be treated with kindness and love- after all that God has put me through. Isn't it time for a change? May miracles happen and Stanley will forever keep it to himself. Oh how silly of me, of course he wouldn't. And now, my reality is slowly ribbing onto my dreams.Grabbing aloud of everything and turning it into a nightmare. Dear diary: Stanley†¦ Stanley-he†¦ Confronted me today. He was so happy at first, being a father and all. I was so relieved to see that Stanley Kowalski, was having a normal conversation with me, Balance! He told me stories about his cousin, the human bottle opener. And even opened a bottle to celebrate with me! I mean, maybe Stanley Kowalski, the brute, the Pollack isn't so bad after all. It must have been something I said†¦ After Mitch had torn my paper lantern, exposing my light.I feel weak of the mind, like someone has torn out a piece of my brain. N onetheless, I'm still and always will be a woman of intelligence and breeding, enough for my future husband , the wonderful Sheep Hunting. What every rich man needs is a woman. A woman with a beauty of the mind, richness of the spirit and tenderness of the heart, and I have all those things! He came after me†¦ He insulted me†¦ Calling my dress a worn-out Marci-grass outfit rented for fifty cents†¦ I tried to stop him, I tried calling Mr. Hunting but it was no use. It was inevitable, I was weak, I†¦ Gave up†¦

Diagnosing the Bipolar Disorders Essay - 1289 Words

Bipolar disorder, or manic-depressive disorder, is a disorder characterized by extreme mood changes. A person suffering from this disorder can go from being energetic and outgoing to feeling worthless and irritated anywhere between a few days to a couple of months, or even years. Diagnosis, treatment, and the dramatic changes cause a threat to the victim. People with bipolar disorder may try to kill themselves or engage in reckless behaviors depending on which stage they are in (Hassel et al 2009.). The stages a person with bipolar disorder goes through are called episodes. These episodes are classified into four groups: mania, depression, hypomania, and a mix between different moods. Mania is characterized by a period of increased energy†¦show more content†¦Bipolar disorder has been divided into different types depending on the severity of the episodes experiences. Bipolar 1 is when a person suffers from episodes of mania, and sometimes even depression. This type is considered one of the most severe forms of bipolar disorder because during the episode, a patient starts to display psychotic symptoms such as hallucination, delusions, and paranoia. The symptoms of bipolar I can last a few weeks or years. Bipolar 2 is a little similar to 1, except the person never experiences full-on mania. Instead, a person with bipolar 2 goes through the hypomania episode and depression. Like bipolar 2, cyclothymia also goes through the hypomania episode and depression, except not as severe. Experts believe that cyclothymia is a milder form of bipolar disorder (Laurel, 2009.). Some of the symptoms of cyclthymia include poor memory, low self-esteem, fatigue, social withdrawal, and racing thoughts. When detecting bipolar disorder, a psychiatrist uses a patient’s signs, symptoms, family history, and the latest edition of â€Å"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorder†, a publication by the American Psychiatric Association, to help make a diagnosis. Usually, during the first assessment, a mental health professional will ask the patient if they are displaying any symptoms of the disorder, how long they have had it for, and whether or not they are severe. Initially, manic-depressiveShow MoreRelatedDiagnosing Bipolar Disorder659 Words   |  3 PagesBipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a chronic illness that requires treatment. Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder that causes drastic emotional changes and mood swings. Transmutations in mood can range from manic highs, to depressive lows. Bipolar disorder is a mental condition that can lead to dangerous demeanors. These may be things such as cutting or inflicting harm to one’s self. 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Many years ago diagnosing a child as bipolar was a rare and almost an unseen event. In recent yearsRead MoreBipolar Disorder And M ental Health Essay851 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience a mood disorder known as Bipolar Disorder. According to the National Institute of Mental Health about one percent of the American population have been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Living with a person that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder is very difficult, especially not knowing anything about bipolar. There are many questions to be asked. Such as what is the disorder? Is bipolar disorder heredity? How is the disorder treated? First of all, Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressiveRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Bipolar Disorder1700 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Bipolar disorders, also known as manic depression, are mental disorders characterized by shifting moods between depression and mania (Bressert, 2016). Those with a bipolar disorder, have extreme emotional states called mood periods. In the United States, more than 10 million people have bipolar disorder (Kennedy, 2015). It is lifelong, but can be treated. Although it can easily be treated, once patients choose to stop taking their medication their symptoms worsen. Around 15 percentRead MoreBipolar Disorder And Mental Health855 Words   |  4 Pagesexperience a mood disorder known as Bipolar Disorder. According to the National Institute of Mental Health about one percent of the American population has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder. Living with a person that has been diagnosed with bipolar disorder is very difficult, especially not knowing anything about bipolar. There are many questions to be asked. Such as what is the disorder? Is bipolar disorder heredity? How is the di sorder treated? First of all, Bipolar Disorder, also known as manic-depressiveRead MoreDiscussing Charlie Sheen And Mental Health1230 Words   |  5 Pagespsychological health. I want to find a clear diagnosis for his problems and state of mind. I am diagnosing Sheen with Bipolar disorder which is categorized as an Axis I disorder, in the DSM-V. Bipolar disorder affects approximately 7.5 million people eighteen years or older in any given year (Mohr, 2013). Of the three types of bi-polar disorder, I am diagnosing him with type I bipolar disorder, which is characterized by alternating depressive episodes and one or more manic episodes. â€Å"Manic episodes