O.K. Richmond Writing

Word of the Week Okay / O.K. Richmond Writing This entry is not academic, but it is great fun. Since I skipped two weeks for the holidays, Ill dive in with no Metaphor of the Month but go right to a word request from Professor Bill Ross in Mathematics. Theres no need to provide a definition, but the history of this workaday word fascinates. Id long assumed that Old Kinderhook, a nickname for US President Martin Van Buren, gave us the term. That is correct, according to the OED Online, but there is a second etymology that helps us to understand the staying power of O.K., long after President Van Buren vanished from living memory. For okay and O.K. the OED has this note: From the detailed evidence provided by A. W. Read it seems clear that  O.K.  first appeared in 1839 (an instance of a contemporary vogue for humorous abbreviations of this type), and that in 1840 it became greatly reinforced by association with the initialism O.K. I taught a couple of seminars about Southern literary humor before the Civil War, and making fun of speakers of German and Dutch was a favorite subject, well beyond the Southern States. That sort of linguistic humor, considered ethnocentric and insulting today, endured until recently. If you dont remember the Katzenjammer Kids, have a look online. As the  OED points out, okay comes from the satirical oll korrect, presumably spoken by an immigrant to the US, in some disastrous situation. As befits its immigrant origins, the term has crossed the ocean again. Ive heard Spanish speakers use it in Spain.   The Iberian term vale means about the same, but both worked for me in Madrid. Have you heard Okay around the world? Where? How? Share your experiences in the comments. Please nominate a word or metaphor useful in academic writing by e-mailing me (jessid -at- richmond -dot- edu) or leaving a comment below. See all of our Metaphors of the Month  here  and Words of the Week  here. Image of button courtesy of Wikipedia.

The Cask Of Amontillado By Edward Allan Poe - 847 Words

Edward Allan Poe the writer of â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado,† has successfully created an image of pride can lead two great man to their downfall. A person with a pride of a former noble. A wine merchant with a pride of the best judgment in wine. An epic war to be remember. Poe has created a whole new meaning for the word itself. He has describe pride as vengeance, desire, and loss. At the beginning of the story, the narrator, Montresor has proven himself as a person of intellect. He has carefully planned a murder which will not only punish the target, he will do it without any consequences. Montresor stated, â€Å"[Fortunato] are rich, respected, admired, beloved; [Fortunato] are happy, as once [he] was. â€Å" It indicates he was once rich. â€Å"We will go back; [Fortunato] will be ill, and I cannot be responsible.† Propose his position cannot be responsible to the harm done to Fortunato It has created a spark of his revenge. He said, â€Å"THE thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne as I best could† suggests that he has suffered many times, yet lack of injuries indicate it is all emotional wounds that could never be healed. The only way he can get his vengeance is to make his nemesis, Fortunato suffer. For his great plan, Montresor has prepare his enemy a reason, a motive, and a location to lead him in a dead end. Fortunato is a wealthy wi ne merchant, who would never turned down a good look of precious wine and rarities. His pride is no less than Montresor. Despite the fact he is lookedShow MoreRelatedThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe In The Cask of Amontillado, Edgar Allan Poe uses several different artistic choices in the construction of the story. He manipulates the story to be the way he wants it to be by using the point of view of the narrator, the setting, and a common monotonous sentiment throughout. Poe is successful in maintaining a spirit of perverseness that is prevalent in most of his works. The point of view plays a very important role in influencing the readers perceptionRead MoreThemes in the Writing of Edgar Allan Poe that Mirror his Personal Life1379 Words   |  6 PagesBoston, Massachusetts. His father an actor abandoned the family when he was one years old and his mother an actress died of tuberculosis when 2 yrs old. His foster parents cared for him as a young child and their last names were Allan. This is where his full name Edgar Allan Poe comes from. When he was in college he wrote all of his walls and came of gloomy and depressed to some classmates. He removed his self from the college because of gambling debts. He marries his very young cousin Virginia ClemmRead More The Paradox of Revenge in Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado1375 Words   |  6 Pagesin Edgar Allan Poes The Cask of Amontillado ?The Cask of Amontillado? raises a question pertaining to the multiple character of the self (Davidson 202); Can harmony of ones self be restored once primal impulses have been acted upon? This question proposes the fantasy of crime without consequence (Stepp 60). Edgar Allan Poe uses first person point of view, vivid symbolism and situational irony to show that because of mans inner self, revenge is ultimately not possible. Edward DavidsonRead MoreLiterary Techniques : Edgar Allan Poe And Richard Connell1598 Words   |  7 Pagesposition in the history of literature. Well known authors, such as Edgar Allan Poe and Richard Connell, use specific literary techniques to inspire and horrify young minds through their timeless works of literature. Biography of Edgar A. Poe To start, Edgar Allan Poe suffered through tragedy, poverty, and failure most of his life, all trials that would mold him into a master of macabre literature. In January of 1809, Edgar Allan Poe, writer and poet, â€Å"†¦was born in Boston, Massachusetts. Poe’s fatherRead MoreThe Cask Of Amontillado By Edgar Allan Poe1076 Words   |  5 PagesThe short story, The Cask of Amontillado, written by Edgar Allan Poe is a story of terror and betrayal. Like many of Poe’s literary works, the story has a dark undertone with a theme of terror and depression. More than half a century ago, Marshall McLuhan argued that though Poe was fascinated by evil, the evil that he had in mind was not that of Calvinism, but that of the split man and the split civilization. In general, McLuhan was right, but in this instance Calvinism, and its God, provided a darkRead MoreThe Gettysburg Address By Henry Wadsworth1548 Words   |  7 Pagesto show how the white people of America viewed the mselves as the alpha’s of society and showed little respect for any other ethnicities. Poe, Edgar Allan. â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado.† Short Stories and Classic Literature, americanliterature.com/author/edgar-allan-poe/short-story/the-cask-of-amontillado. Poe’s short story, The Cask of Amontillado focuses on two main characters Montresor and Fortunato.The narrator Montresor is very upset with the wine connoisseur, Fortunato, and is explainingRead MoreSimilarities Between Edgar Allen Poes Life and His Literary Works1357 Words   |  6 PagesAllen Poes Life and His Literary Works In Edgar Allan Poes lifetime and today, critics think that there are striking similarities between what Poe lived and what he wrote. His melancholy, often-depressing stories are thought to reflect his feelings. There is truth to this, although his entire life was not miserable. In fact, in some of his poems, the good characters are modeled after him. Edgar Allan Poes writing was affected by many things in his life, including his turbulentRead More Edgar Allan Poe: Life and Works Essay2848 Words   |  12 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Edgar Allan Poe was a literary genius of his time. His works may seem eccentric but beneath the words and stories lies a solemn, alone boy whose only way of comfort and relief was through his pen. Of the critical reviews I have studied pertaining to Poe, never has such a varied difference of opinions been presented or suggested towards a writer. It is thought that his life had a major influence on his writing and by reading many of his pieces I ag ree with that statement. Edgar Poe was born inRead MoreHistory of the Development of the Short Story.3660 Words   |  15 Pages(1824–26) and Nikolai Gogols Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka (1831–32). The first examples in the United States are Charles Brockden Browns Somnambulism (1805), Washington Irvings Rip van Winkle (1819) and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (1820), Edgar Allan Poes Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque (1840) and Nathaniel Hawthornes Twice-Told Tales (1842). In the latter 19th century, the growth of print magazines and journals created a strong demand for short fiction of between 3,000 and 15,000Read MoreANALIZ TEXT INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS28843 Words   |  116 Pagesthe following methods: 1. CHARACTERIZATION THROUGH THE USE OF NAMES. Names are often used to provide essential clues that aid in characterization. Some characters are given names that suggest their dominant or controlling traits, as, for example, Edward Murdstone (in Dickens’ David Copperfield) and Roger Chillingsworth (in Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter). Both men are cold-hearted villains their names suggest. Other characters are given names that reinforce (or sometimes are in contrast to) their

A Research Paper on Gay Adoption - 1938 Words

.I INTRO We have all heard the mantra that a child needs to be raised by both and a mother and afather. The qualities contributed by a man and a woman are each vital to raising a well roundedindividual and therefore the idea of having two mothers or two fathers is simplyunacceptable «right? Well what about no parents? No mother? No father? That child is bound to be well rounded . So now the real question emerges: Is parental guidance by two parents of thesame sex really more harmful to a child ¶s development than no parental guidance at all? In someminds the answer  ³NO ´ flashes in bright, blinking lights however, there are many, including themajority of Americans, who disagree. Laws banning adoption by gay and lesbian couples exist†¦show more content†¦Child welfare services and the ACLU would agree that thecircumstances remain ideal for the child because having homosexual parents poses nodisadvantage to children (ACLU 2).The gay community is becoming more and more prominent in American society. Whatwas once an extremely  ³closeted ´ life style, is integrating itself into our everyday lives. As morerights are granted to gay and lesbian people, the more normal they are going to seem to everyoneelse. I ¶m confident that my future children will grow up accepting homosexuality and that astime goes on, so will the rest of the country. So i f the gay community is going to become sosignificant in our lives, shouldn ¶t we grant them equal rights? If we can accept gays and lesbiansas people, partners, workers, and friends, why can ¶t we accept them as good parents? When youlook at it logically, the exclusion of homosexuals as adoptive parents just doesn ¶t make sense. ³Love makes a family, not biology or gender, ´ says gay dad Robert Calhoun about hisexperience as an adoptive father. Calhoun and his partner Clay of Avondale Estates, Georgiahave adopted two children-- four-year-old daughter Rainey and eighteen-month-old son Jimmy.Calhoun adds,  ³We ¶re not moms, we ¶re not heterosexual, and we ¶re not biological parents, [but]we ¶re totally equal and just as loving as female parents, straight parents, and biological parents. ´(Gandossy 1 ) The Calhouns certainly seem capable of providing just as much love andShow MoreRelatedSame Sex Adoption1409 Words   |  6 PagesSynthesis Should gays and lesbians have the same rights to adopt as heterosexuals? The laws of most states permit an unmarried person to be an adopted parent. However, many states have enacted laws limiting and in some cases prohibiting, lesbian and gay men from adopting. Adoption of children by lesbian and gay men remains controversial. A court must first find that the best interest of the child will be served by the adoption. Some courts have strongly rejected the notion that adoption by a lesbianRead MoreGay Families are Still Families Essay1051 Words   |  5 Pagesnew questions arise. Regardless of ones position about whether gay marriage should be legal, it is clear that the definition of family is changing and the legal system will need to address these changes. Whether it is determining who should be a custodial parent, clarifying adoption processes, or implementing legal protections in cases of divorce, family law must grow and change along with the definition of family. Through my research, I hope to present point/counterpoint in each of these three areasRead MoreShould Homosexuals Be Allowed? Adopt?1512 Words   |  7 PagesTeirra Thomas Professor Parks ENG 101, Documented Research Paper 18 November 2014 Should Homosexuals be allowed to Adopt Did you know that Florida absolutely bans homosexuals to adopt children? Over a million people in the United States disagree on same sex marriage. If they disagree with same sex marriage what about when homosexuals want to adopt children. In my opinion it is great that homosexuals want to adopt children, because it is not about who they are being raised by. It is all about ifRead MoreSame-Sex Adoption Essay example930 Words   |  4 Pagescouple would do, you try to adopt a child. You get dressed up, get your papers together and go to the adoption agency only to find out that it is illegal for you to adopt a child. One of the most controversial issues surrounding American today is allowing same-sex couples to adopt a child. Over the last decade, America has seen a frequent number of people â€Å"come out† in their lives. Because of this, we have seen more and more gay couples want to adopt a child. Unfortunately, today that process toRead MoreEssay on Same-Sex Parenting1442 Words   |  6 Pagespopular and greatly resisted. People that are homosexual face barriers placed upon them by the political system and society. Due to these challenges, homosexuals fought to have the same marital and parental rights as heterosexual people. Same-sex adoption is not prohibited in most states in the United States of America and many places worldwide. Family is not determined solely on blood relations and should be legalized in all parts of the world; because homosexual parents are just as good as heterosexualRead MoreEssay on The Battle for Homosexual Adoption1696 Words   |  7 Pagesvalues† (Sanchez). Such a mindset betrays Talton’s ignorance of children raised in same-sex households. The blame does not solely fall on him though; many people in the world today are in the dark about whether or not to allow gay and lesbian parents to adopt children. Many research studies conclude that children are not adversely affected in any way from growing up in homosexual households; however, the fight for same-sex parents to be joined in marriage goes on, not only for the parent’s benefit, butRead MoreGay Couples Adopting1042 Words   |  5 Pageswill grow up to be what they want to be. Children don’t always come out exactly like their parents. These children aren’t any different. They will grow up to think for themselves and decide their own sexuality. There are many people who oppose gay couples being allowed to raise children. Homosexuals are regular people who live in our society. The only difference is they have decided to be attracted to people of their same sex. The only problem with American culture is that they tend to rejectRead MoreA. Why Banning the Use of Cell Phones While Driving Should Be Mandatory Nationwide2087 Words   |  9 PagesRunning Head: GAY AND LESBIAN ADOPTION Gay and Lesbian Adoption Argumentative Emily Stroud Everest University Abstract Lesbian and gay adoption has been widely controversial across the globe. This social issue is tremendously discussed by religious, political and social groups which have been providing numerous statistics, figures and major researches on the effects of same sex couples to the mental and emotionalRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1434 Words   |  6 PagesGay marriage has slowly become a significant factor amongst individuals of today’s society. On June 26, 2015, it was ruled out by the U.S. Supreme Court that gay marriage was now legal. The first thing that I thought was that â€Å"Wasn’t it already legal in the United States?† Well, apparently no it has not been legalized in the United States! (Dumb me.) The U.S. is known to be a nation of equality and gives everyone the freedom of the speech, but it is actually a nation full of racism, sexism, and homophobiasRead MoreThe Right For Co Adoption1515 Words   |  7 Pagesfit the â€Å"norms† of it s time throughout America. Some groups are still fighting every day to try and fit the norm. Legalizing same-sex adoption is moral because it would help complete a family for a child who doesn t have one and for a couple that wants one of their own. Morality is defined as what is good and bad in who we are as humans. The right for co-adoption has prolonged throughout the years and there have been milestones which changed the course of history for the LGBT community. In 1973

A Story About My Mother Free Essays

Vu Lan celebration is coming, on websites there are many written works about mother. They are simple but meaningful and reminded me of my mother. Accordingly, I want to share with everyone my story-a long one to tell†¦ When I was a child, I always imagined my mother as a serious and frightening woman. We will write a custom essay sample on A Story About My Mother or any similar topic only for you Order Now She was constantly forcing me to stay at home whereas my friend can freely go out and enjoy their childhood. That’s not fair!!! There was a question that kept haunting my mind â€Å"Is she exactly my mother? † . I think that I found the answer after that story. One time, being too passionate about games with my friends, I forgot to come back home, making my parents extremely worry and find me everywhere. Finding out me in the yard with my friends, she furiously shouted at me and hit me in front of all my friends including the boy that I liked. It is too ashamed! I did not have dinner and kept myself in my room on that day. During that night, instead of sleeping, I planned to revenge my mother in the next days. In the following day,as usual she went to work and left me alone at home . However, this time I decided not to stay alone in that boring house. Fortunately, I came across a tiny hole in the window, which was small enough for my little friends to creep into. Being too happy, we play many games one by one. Suddenly, I had an accident while I was playing skipping with my mother’s scraft, leading to my chin’s blooding. I was very afraid no matter how much my friends encouraged me. I cried so much my friends had to find the help of my neighbor. He immediately informed my mother. â€Å" This time surely my mother will hit me seriously† I thought that. Especially when I heard the sound of her motorbike, my heart beat faster to wait my mother’s punishment. Nevertheless, everything was totally unexpected. Right after the door had been opened, the scene I saw was not her furious eyes but her eyes with continuously dropping tears. My mother hurriedly ran to me and embraced me tightly. I could not forget those eye. I feel that my mother was also painful like me. That was the moment I realized her invaluable love for me. Until now I learned that mother’s love is not just pampering but the strict as well and that mother is the one love us the most. How to cite A Story About My Mother, Essay examples

To what extent was the Third Crusade a defeat for the Latin’s Essay Example Essay Example

To what extent was the Third Crusade a defeat for the Latin’s Essay Example Paper To what extent was the Third Crusade a defeat for the Latin’s Essay Introduction The Third Crusade was fought from 1189 to 1192. It is commonly seen as a failure and its achievement as Mayer argues was â€Å"a modest one†. Its dealing with the internal politics had been weak and is territorial gain minimal. The crusade failed to re-capture Jerusalem and thus failed in its papal sanctioned role. However historians such as Riley-Smith, Runicmen and Gillingham have argued otherwise. The territorial gains although small had secured a re-birth of crusader influence in the Holy Land, the Muslim expansion had been brought to heel if only for a short time, in terms of deliverance of men to the east it was superb and victories on the battlefield had been both a military and moral triumph.The re-capture of Jerusalem had been the primary goal of the crusade. Its importance lay in its strong connection with the Christian faith and its tradition al association with the crusading movement, dating back to the First Crusade. Jerusalem however was never liberated. Its geog raphical position apart from the coastal crusader cities and thus its depth into the Muslim territory had always prevented the city from being maintained after its capture. The failure to re-capture Jerusalem had perhaps been the crusade’s greatest failure.Although in terms of politics negotiations with the Muslims had been fairly successful, internal crusader politics had been quite the opposite. The inherent political instability, which had plagued feudal Europe, was no less different in the Holy Land. This can be seen in the dealings of Kingship of the crusader states. It was decided that Guy was to remain king until his death whereby Conrad de Montfereet would then inherit the throne. They were both to share royal revenues and Conrad was to hole a large northern county consisting of Tyre and if he should recover it, Sidon. However Conrad, the French crusaders and the local barons, none of whom had ever really accepted the 1191 compromise, constantly challenged this. It ha d thus resulted in direct negotiations with Saladin and a failed attempt to seize Acre for Conrad. The inability to accept a king resulted in disputes amongst the crusader states to reach their peak. In his management of politics Richard had failed, he was as Riley-Smith writes, â€Å"not nearly as successful in local politics as he was on the battlefield.†Despite Richard’s return from the Holy Land in 1192, the Third Crusade had spawned an epilogue crusade under taken by the Holy Roman Empire under the leadership of Henry VI. Under Henry the Germans were able to take Sidon and thus restore the land connection between the kingdom of Jerusalem and the county of Tripoli. However the premature death of Henry VI in 1197 brought the crusade to an abrupt end. Only two cities had been captured and by the end only Sidon could be kept by agreement. The crusade of Henry VI had thus been a failure due to his unexpected death.The failure of the Latin forces however was not total. For instance despite fighting few major battles the Latin’s victory on the battlefield had been fairly impressive. Arsuf for example has been seen as the major military success of the Third Crusade. Fought in 1192 the battle was not however as great a successful as it was initially thought to be. Although the Muslims had been routed, the casualties on each side were roughly equal. It is highly likely therefore that Saladin’s forces could have attacked the next day. Nevertheless the battles was won by the Christians and proved to be a great moral victory. Runciman has argued that the battle was â€Å"not decisive, but had been a great moral victory for the Christians.† Indeed the success at Arsuf had meant that Richard was able to enhance his reputation as being a great leader and general not only to his men but also the enemy. More importantly the victory brought for Saladin personal and public humiliation. The invincibility of Saladin’s forces since the battle of Hattin had thus been destroyed. The battle of Arsuf had therefore been a success for the Latin’s not only on the battlefield but also in terms of crusader morale.Fought in 1192 the battle of Jaffa secured the Latin’s dominance in the battlefield. In it’s recapture the Latin’s had displayed a brilliant strike surprisingly from the coast but more impressive had been its defence. Defending with very few troops and no cavalry, Richard was able to push back a much larger army. The battle had been as Riley Smith describes, â€Å"a superb victory†. Jaffa, more so than any other battle, demonstrates the military success of the Latins on crusade.The survival of the crusader states had been vital to the success of the crusade. By 1187 only the three coastal towns of Tripoli, Antioch and Tyre remained under Christian control. Without a Christian stronghold in the area it would be near impossible for the future crusaders to establish any sort of Lati n presence in the area. For what it was the re-establishment of the crusader cities had been very successful. No better an example can be seen that the capture of Acre on 12th July 1191.Perhaps the most successful of all the territorial gains was the re-capture of Acre. It’s capture yielded not only an important moral victory for the Christians but also a significant material gain. The Muslim source, Bah’ad-din recorded contents, its ships and military stores, which contained all the military equipment from Palestine, Jerusalem, Damascus, Aleppo and Egypt. In addition to this the term gained by it’s surrender were two hundred thousand gold pieces paid to the Franks, and extra one hundred for Conrad personally and fifteen thousand Christian prisoners, with one hundred of rank, liberated.The conquest of Acre was therefore successful not only in it’s strategic position as a major fortified coastal city, but also sheer amounts of resources it provided. Despit e this the victory was not a successful as first appears. Mayer has discussed that; â€Å"the losses during the siege had been heavy† which is indeed true. Deaths included Queen Sibylla, Patriarch Eractius, five Arch Bishops, six bishops, four abbots, a prior, an archdeacon, two dukes, a landgrave, ten counts, three viscounts and thirty great nobles. The chaplain of Baldwin also writes, â€Å"on the 25th 1190 more than 4000 foot soldiers were slain by the Turks.† The success of Acre had perhaps bee exaggerated. Although, it is true that it was captures and subsequently a great amount of wealth came from it, it had been at the cost of a significant number of lives, both noble and common.It is commonly agreed by the leading crusader figures, that Richard’s capture of Cyprus in May 1191 was a key victory for the crusaders. Prior to the crusade the island of Cyprus had claimed its independence from the Byzantine Empire under its leader Isaac Ducus Comenus. His subse quent hostility towards the crusaders on their arrival warranted a total conquest of the island by Richard. The Intinerarrium records that â€Å"He [Richard] had found castles crammed with treasures and wealth of every kind.† The conquest had as Gillingham writes â€Å"reaped tremendous awards. Richard was able to gain vast amounts of booty which the previous ruler Ducus Comenus had bee storing during his reign.† In addition to this, Richard was further able to impose a fifty percent capital levy on every Cypriot. The conquest of Cyprus had thus been fiscally a tremendous success.The strategic position of Cyprus had been vital to the crusade. The superior numbers of the Muslim forces in Outremer had forced the Christians to rely heavily on sea power. Given this the crusader lands had been supported by the men and supplies ferried across the Mediterranean by the fleets of Venice, Pisa and Genoa. The Acquisition of Cyprus meant that the long journey across the Mediterran ean had been significantly shortened. The Christians could now use Cyprus as a supply depot for further action in Outremer. Cyprus also held political success. For instance being a rebel of the Byzantine Empire, it is likely that the previous leader, Ducus Comenus would have allied with the Muslims, given the new rise in Islamic power on the Palestine, Syrian coast. The deposition of Comenus thus removed any potential threat from Cyprus. Furthermore, we can see that in the short-term Cyprus provided Richard with a political bargaining tool.The amount of men and support for the Third Crusade was never to be accomplished again. In terms of organisation the deliverance of manpower and material resources to the east was as Riley-Smith writes, â€Å"remarkable†. This can be seen for instance in the organisation of Emperor Frederick’s army. In a fairly short time Frederick had been able to consolidate an estimated army of 10,000 to go on crusade. Although this was most likel y an exaggeration, the army was by no doubt very large and thus shows the high level of coordination and management involved in the crusade. This is also shown in both Richard’s and Philip Augustus’ armies. Although there is no way of obtaining an accurate assessment of the size of the armies, Richard’s twenty five ships that landed in Outremer does give some indication of the scale of troops sent to the east. Indeed no such amount of troops under so many leaders would ever leave on crusade again.The end 0f 1192 saw the signing of a peace treaty. For the Christians it was on the whole very reasonable. The coastal cities as far down as Jaffa were to remain in Christian hands and pilgrims would be allowed to freely visit the Holy Land. Furthermore, after the treat it was allowed by Saladin that two Latin priests and two deacons could serve the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and at Bethlehem and Nazareth. However Ascalon, which had been the chief bone of contention th roughout the various negotiations was to have its fortifications dismantled and returned to Saladin. The treaty had therefore been highly successful for the Latins as it allowed all new conquered lands to be kept and passages into the holy places was granted.The Third Crusade appears at first sight to have been a failure. Muslim expansion in the later twelfth century had seen an almost total Islamic domination of Egypt, Palestine and Syria. In terms of territory that Third Crusade had made very little difference to this. Only the coastal cities down to Jaffa had been conquered and secured. These however would only survive for another hundred years. Local politics may had been dealt with inefficiently although this was more down to the territorial values of the nobles in medieval society. Only once Henry had married Isabella, Conrad de Monferret’s widow, had the problem been solved. The epilogue crusade of Henry VI saw little success either. Due to Henry’s premature dea th the Latins had only been able to secure one city. The failure to recapture Jerusalem was the Latin’s greatest failure. However this outward defeat is not entirely accurate. The Latins in truth had made significant achievements in the Holy Land.Although the east was still chiefly in Muslim hands, the crusaders had achieved a re-birth of Christian Outremer, and secured it. The Islamic expansion had not been stopped but it had been halted. On the battlefield the Latins found continued success. Although not as decisive as some sources recorded, the battle of Arsuf and the defence of Jaffa were both brilliant moral and military victories. The acquisition of territory, however slight, proved to be very successful in the resources gained. The conquest of Cyprus and the liberation of Acre demonstrate this. In its failure to recapture Jerusalem and pacify the Islamic threat in the east, the Third Crusade had failed. However given the difficult position of the Christians, it is as G illingham writes, â€Å"amazing that they achieved as much as they did.† To what extent was the Third Crusade a defeat for the Latin’s Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essayEssay Writing Service

Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essayEssay Writing Service Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essay Equivalence and Equivalent Effect in Translation Theory essayTranslation equivalence is an important concept of translation theory. It is one of the main principles of Western theory of translation. Finding translation equivalents is one of the core problems of the translation process. As Catford states, the central problem of translation-practice is that of finding TL equivalents. A central task of translation theory is that of defining the nature and conditions of translation equivalence. (Catford, 1965, p. 21). Starting from the middle of the twentieth century a lot of prominent theorists who work in the field of translation theory include the concept of equivalence in their theorizing and research. The concept of equivalence was used to distinguish the difference between free and literal translation. Roman Jacobson became the first who used this term in his work published in 1959. Later a lot of specialists used this term in their works and made a lot of attempts to distinguish t he concept of equivalence. Such prominent specialists as Vinay and Darbelet Jakobson, Nida, Catford, House and Baker used the concept of equivalence in their studies. All of them regarded this concept in relation to the translation theory. Translation is a complex process which can be regarded from several perspectives. Some specialists view translation as a merely linguistic process where notions from one language are translation into another one. This group of specialists regards equivalence as literal translating each word and notion. At the same time other specialists state that cultural context is very important for the translation because only the use of the context can help to pass real meaning of the text. In their opinion, equivalence in translation should deal with passing the meaning of the text. These scholars present semantic or functional approach to translation. The third group of specialists take   middle position and state that equivalence is used for the convenie nce of translators. Bakers who shares this approach states that equivalence is used â€Å"for the sake of convenience- because most translators are used to it rather than because it has any theoretical status† (Kenny, 1998, p.77).  Despite different attitudes to the concept of equivalence, most of the specialists pay much attention to its meaning in the theory of translation. Importance of Equivalence in Translation Theory:It is important to understand the meaning of the term equivalence.   In English language it may be used as a technical term, which describes scientific notions. For example, term equivalence is used in mathematics, At the same time term equality may be used in common sense   in everyday language. In the theory of translation the term equivalence is used in its general meaning because it is hard to find absolutely identical words and notions in different languages. Different languages have different phonetic, grammar, syntax and vocabulary structures. That is why we can speak only about certain degree of equivalence when we make translation. So, in our case we use term equivalence in the meaning of similarity or approximation and it shows the level of likeness between the source and the target text. This likeness may be achieved on different levels.Translation is a form of communication and that is the reason it is so important to establish equivalence between the source text and the target text. Nida defines translation as reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source-language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Nida, 1982, p. 12). It is evident that equivalence is one of basic concepts of translation which can not be neglected.The View of Different Specialists of Equivalence in Translation:Roman Jacobson made a valuable contribution to the development of translation theory. He introduced the concept of   â€Å"equivalence in difference† which had an im portant meaning for the further development of the translation theory. Roman Jacobson distinguished three kinds of translation, which included: intralingual (dealing with one language) interlingual (dealing with two languages)-intersemiotic (dealing with sign systems).According to Jacobson, translator searches for synonyms when making intralingual translation in order to pass the message. This means that intralingual translation does not imply full equivalence between language units. According to Jakobson: â€Å"translation involves two equivalent messages in two different codes† (Jakobson, 1959, p. 233). This means that the task of translator becomes to reach equality in messages despite different grammatical, lexical and semantic structures of ST and TT. Despite difference in grammar and lexical structures translation becomes possible through finding necessary equivalents. As he states: â€Å"whenever there is deficiency, terminology may be qualified and amplified by loanw ords or loan-translations, neologisms or semantic shifts, and finally, by circumlocutions† (ibid. p.234). Jakobson uses different examples to illustrate his concept. He compares different language structures from English and Russian languages and illustrates cases where it is not possible to find a literal equivalent to the ST unite. In these cases translator should choose the most suitable way to translate the text trying to reach the most possible equivalence.Same as Vinay and Darbelnet, Jakobson states that linguistic approach does not suit for the need of the translation theory. He stresses on the limitations of linguistic theory and point out different methods which help to make the equivalence in translation the same. Jakobson counts on semiotic approach where translator should extract the message from the source language and then choose the most appropriate means to pass it to the target language.Later scholars continued the study of translation theory and developed the ir own understanding of equivalence. Nida and Tiber distinguished two types of equivalence – formal equivalence (correspondence ) and dynamic equivalence.   Dynamic equivalence is based on the equivalent effect, while formal equivalence is focused on the message itself. As they state â€Å"Typically, formal correspondence distorts the grammatical and stylistic patterns of the receptor language, and hence distorts the message, so as to cause the receptor to misunderstand or to labor unduly hard† (Nida and Taber, 1982, p. 201).  Despite the detailed study of both types of equivalence, Nida gives preference to the dynamic equivalence, because it gives more opportunities for the translators and proves to be more effective during the translation procedure. Nida showed other specialists the way and let them distance from the word-to-word translation and make a translation process more dynamic and more reader-oriented.Catford is another scholar who dedicated much effort t o the study of translation theory. His concept of translation equivalence differs from the concept presented by Nida and Taber. Catford’s approach is based on the linguistic approach. Catford expanded translation theory and added new criteria, such as the extent of translation, the grammatical rank and the levels of language involved in the translation. According to Catford, grammatical rank establishes translation equivalence.  Catford’s theory of translation was criticized by many scholars. Snell-Hornby became one of the most active critics of Catford’s ideas. She called equivalence in translation to be an illusion and didn’t believe that translation could be regarded as a merely linguistic process. The notion of equivalence was changed and developed with the flow of time. Baker’s ideas gave new vision of the problem. She explores the notion of equivalence on different levels and applies it to the translation process. She combines linguistic an d communicative approaches in order to make translation process more effective. Baker distinguishes equivalence at the level of the word, at the   grammatical level, and at the level of the text . Pragmatic equivalence deals with the purpose of communication and also makes an important contribution to the translation process. All these levels are important for the translator and should be taken into consideration during the translation process because only their combination can result in the qualified translation.Peter Newmark   is another specialist whose ideas had   great impact on the development of translation theory. He steps away from Nida’s ideas of recipient-oriented translation and changes the vision of equivalence in translation. Newmark   develops ideas of communicative and semantic translation in contrast to literal translation.   Not leaving ideas of equivalence and literal translation, Newmark gives preference to semantic and communicative translation. According to Newmark,   translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. (Newmark, 1988,   p. 5). His views had great influence on many other specialists who studied his works and used his approach.Equivalence in Translation: Pros and Contras:Translation is a complex phenomenon which is hard to define. It helps to pass the meaning and form from one language to another and very often equivalence becomes that measure which helps to define the success of this process. A lot of specialists stress on the important role of the equivalence for the translation. Marry Snell-Hornby even states that different definitions of translation process may be regarded as different variants of equivalence description. It is hard to overestimate the role of equivalence in translation. Translation is a bridge which helps to link people who do not understand each other. Translation enables communication between people.   This way equi valence becomes the measure of success of translation process. The more equivalent the source and the target text are, the better communication goals will be achieved.Many scholars and researchers stress on the important role of equivalence in the translation process. At the same time some specialists stress that desire to achieve maximum equivalence may create certain limitations and restrictions. Thus, equivalence may result in extreme concentration on form and structure and thus may cause the loss of sense and message of the text. Specialists who share this opinion center rather on the message of the text and do everything possible to pass it to the recipient even if it may cause the reduction to equivalence level. Equivalence is often used by the specialists who count on linguistic approach to the process of translation. These specialists try to achieve maximum linguistic, grammar and structural equivalence. Their opponents center on the sense and meaning rather than on the form and, thus, do not give too important role to the equivalence or value the equivalence in meaning rather than in its form.ConclusionsEquivalence is a complex term which describes phenomena from different spheres of human knowledge. In the field of translation it first appeared in the middle of the last century and since then has become an important indicator of the translation process. Most translation theorists and researchers pay attention to the equivalence in translation, despite the fact that their opinions on this phenomenon may differ. Some specialists believe that the equivalence may be regarded as a synonym of the translation process, others believe that the equivalence should not cause the loss of main message of the text. Despite different approaches, the equivalence is an important notion in the translation process and it helps to approach the meaning and value of the translation process in general.

Effective Strategies to Maximize Student Learning Time

Effective Strategies to Maximize Student Learning Time Time is a precious commodity for teachers. Most teachers would argue that they never have enough time to reach every student, particularly the ones that are below grade level. Therefore, every second a teacher has with their students should be a meaningful and productive second.   Successful teachers establish procedures and expectations that minimize wasteful downtime and maximize engaging learning opportunities. Wasted time does add up. A teacher who loses as little as five minutes of instructional minutes per day due to inefficiencies wastes fifteen hours of opportunity over the course of a 180-day school year. That extra time would likely make a significant difference for every student, but particularly those who are struggling learners. Teachers can utilize the following strategies to maximize student learning time and minimize downtime. Better Planning and Preparation Effective planning and preparation are essential in maximizing student learning time. Too many teachers under-plan and find themselves with nothing to do for the last few minutes of class. Teachers should get in the habit of over-planning- too much is always better than not enough. In addition, teachers should always have their materials laid out and ready to go before students arrive. Another important- and often overlooked- component of planning and preparation is practice.  Many teachers skip this essential element, but they shouldnt. Independent practice of lessons and activities allows teachers to work out the kinks beforehand, ensuring that minimum instructional time will be lost. Buffer the Distractions Distractions run rampant during school hours. An announcement comes over the loudspeaker, an unexpected guest knocks on the classroom door, an argument breaks out between students during class time. There is no way to eliminate every single distraction, but some are more easily controlled than others. Teachers can evaluate distractions by keeping a journal over the course of a two-week period. At the end of this period, teachers can better determine which distractions can be limited and formulate a plan to minimize them. Create Efficient Procedures Classroom procedures are an essential part of the learning environment. Those teachers who operate their classroom like a well-oiled machine maximize student learning time. Teachers should develop efficient procedures for every aspect of the classroom. This includes routine activities such as sharpening pencils, turning in assignments, or getting into groups.   Eliminate â€Å"Free Time† Most teachers give â€Å"free time† at some point during the school day. It is easy to do when we may not be feeling the best or we under-plan. But we know when we give it, we are not taking advantage of the precious time that we have with our students. Our students love â€Å"free time†, but it is not what is best for them. As teachers, our mission is to educate. â€Å"Free time† runs directly counter to that mission. Ensure Quick Transitions Transitions occur every time you switch from one component of a lesson or activity into another. Transitions when poorly executed can slow a lesson down tremendously. When done right, they are practiced procedures that are quick and seamless. Transitions are a major opportunity for teachers to gain back some of that valuable time. Transitions may also include changing from one class to another. In this case, students must be taught to bring the correct materials to class, use the bathroom or get a drink, and be in their seats ready to learn when the next class period starts. Give Clear and Concise Directions A major component in teaching is providing your students with clear and concise directions. In other words, directions should be easy to understand and as simple and straightforward as possible. Poor or confusing directions can stymie a lesson and quickly turn the learning environment into total chaos. This takes away valuable instruction time and disrupts the learning process. Good directions are given in multiple formats (i.e. verbal and written). Many teachers select a handful of students to summarize the directions before turning them lose to get started on the activity. Have a Backup Plan No amount of planning can account for everything that could go wrong in a lesson. This makes having a backup plan critical. As a teacher, you make adjustments to lessons on the fly all the time. Occasionally, there will be situations where more than a simple adjustment is needed. Having a backup plan ready can ensure that learning time for that class period will not be lost. In an ideal world, everything will always go according to plan, but the classroom environment is often far from ideal. Teachers should develop a set of backup plans to fall back on should things fall apart at any point. Maintain Control of the Classroom Environment Many teachers lose valuable instructional time because they have poor classroom management skills. The teacher has failed to gain control of the classroom environment and establish a relationship of mutual trust and respect with their students. These teachers are continuously having to redirect students and often spend more time correcting students than teaching them. This is perhaps the most limiting factor in maximizing learning time. Teachers must develop and maintain effective classroom management skills where learning is valued, the teacher is respected, and expectations and procedures are set and met beginning on day one. Practice Procedural Steps With Students Even the best intentions fall by the wayside if students do not truly understand what is being asked of them. This problem can be easily taken care of with a little practice and repetition. Veteran teachers will tell you that the tone for the year is often set within the first few days. This is the time to practice your expected procedures and expectations over and over. Teachers who take the time within the first few days to drill these procedures will save valuable instructional time as they move throughout the year. Stay on Task It is easy for teachers to get distracted and veer off topic from time to time. There are some students who, frankly, are masters at making this happen. They are able to engage a teacher in a conversation about a personal interest or tell a funny story that captivates the classes attention but keeps them from completing the lessons and activities scheduled for the day. To maximize student learning time, teachers must maintain control of the pace and flow of the environment. While no teacher wants to miss out on a teachable moment, you dont want to chase rabbits either.